Air conditioning system



A. B. NEWTON AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM May 11, 1943.

Filed Jan. 27, 1941 INVENTOR Alwin. 25. Newton. BY

wam,

ATTORNEY Patented May 11,1943

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Alwin B. Newton, Minneapolis, Minn., assignor to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, Minneapolis,-Minn., a corporation of Delaware Application January lt'l, 1941, Serial No. 376,034

(crest-c) 17 Claims.

This invention relates in general to air conditioning and more particularly to the control of the supply of fresh air to an enclosure occupied by humans in accordance with the number of occupants-in the enclosure.

The primary object of this invention is to provide a relatively simple control system for a fresh air damper or flow controller which varies the supply of fresh air to an enclosure in accordance with the number of occupants in the enclosure.

' A further object of this invention is to provide a fresh air control system which maintains the flow of fresh air at a maximumwhenever its condition is such that it aids in conditioning the space, but which reduces the flow of fresh air to an amount dependent upon the occupancy of the enclosure when the condition of the fresh air-is such that it does notaid in maintainingdesired conditions in the enclosure.

Another object of this invention consists inthe provision of a fresh air control system which controls the flow of fresh air in response to a condition influenced by the occupancy of the. space and another variable factor, compensation being made for variations in such other factor whereby the 'fresh air is controlled in accordance with the occupancy of the space.

Other objects will appear from the following description and appended claims. For a full disclosure of the invention, reference is made to the following detailed description and to the accompanying drawing, the single figure duct 2 and therefore responds to the temperature of the air in the conditioned space. This thermostat may be set so as to graduatingly open the. valve III as the return air temperature rises above 75 F. Also located in chamber I is a heating coil l3, this coil being provided with a supply pipe 14 and a valve l5 positioned by a proportion ing motor it. This motor I6 is connected by a control line H to a return air thermostat l8 which is of the potentiometer type. This thermostat 18 may be set so as to begin opening the valve when the return air temperature falls below 72 F. From the description thus far, it will be apparent that whenspace temperature falls below 72 F. the heating coil I3 is graduatingly placed into operation an amount necessary to maintain the desired space temperature. Also,

of which-illustrates diagrammatically an air conditioning system embodying the features of the invention.

Referring to the drawing, reference character I indicates an air conditioning chamber, this chamber being connected by a return air duct2' with a conditioned space, one wall of which is shown at 3. This chamber is also provided with a fresh air duct 4 for delivering fresh air to the space for ventilation purposes. The outlet end of chamber l is connected to a fan 5 which is in turn connected by a discharge duct 8 to the conditioned space 3. Located in chamber I is a cooling coil I, this coil being provided with a supply pipe 8 for cooling medium, this supply pipe having interposed therein a valve 9 which is actuated by a proportioning motor. ID. This proportioning motor is preferably of the type shown in the Taylor Patent 2,028,110 and is adapted to assume intermediate positions depending upon thedemand of a potentiometer type return air thermostat II. This thermostat II is provided with a control bulb l2 located in the return air a to this patent it will be found that the 'proporit will be apparent that when space temperature rises above F., the cooling coil valve will be graduatingly opened an amount necessary to maintain the'spacetemperature at the desired value. Between 72 F. and 75 F., both the heating coil and cooling coil are out of operation.

Located in the'fresh air duct! is a fresh air damper which consists of a plurality of blades 2| connected together by. an operating member 22 which is, in turn, connected to the crank arm 23 of a proportioning motor 24 by a link 20. 'Located in the return air duct 2 is a return air damper consisting of a plurality of blades 26 connected together by a member 21. The members 22 and 21' are connected together by a cross connection 28 which is arranged'so as to cause the fresh and return air dampers to be actuated inunison but in opposite directions by the propor electric proportioning type shown and described in the Taylor Patent 2,028,110. Upon reference tioningmotor is provided with a three wire control circuit, the control terminals for such circuit being indicated as R, W and B. adapted to assume intermediate positions depending upon the relative values of resistance connected between terminals R. and W and between terminals R and B. For-example, when equal values of resistance are connected across terminals R and W and across terminals R. and

B, the motor will assume mid position wherein the fresh and return air dampers are each half This motor is I open' If the resistance between terminals and W is decreased without corresponding dethe fresh air damper and closing the return air 6 respectively, and with in. contacts Gland 52,

crease in resistance between terminals R and B, the motor will rotate to a position for opening damper, the amount of rotation being dependent upon the change in resistance in the control circuit. Conversely, if the resistance between terminals R and B is decreased without corresponding decrease in resistance between terminals R and W, the lever 23 will rotate counter-clockwise for closing the fresh air damper and opening the return air damper an amount proportionate to the change in resistance. I The proportioning motor 24 is controlled by means of a differential controller 39 which re. sponds to the difference in temperature between the return air and discharge air, an outside temperature responsive thermostat 3|,- an outside temperature responsive thermostat 32, a differential thermostat 35 responding to the d'ifierence in temperature between outside and return air, an air flow responsive device 35, a lighting load responsive device 31 and. a relay 38.

The differential thermostat 35 includes a bellows which is connected by a capillary tube 4| with a control bulb 42 located in the return air duct 2. This control bulb 42 may be provided with a wick 43, a part of which is immersed in a water pan 44 for causing the bulb 42 to respond to the wet bulb temperature of the return air. The controller 35 also includes a second bellows 45 which' is connected by a capillary tube 45 to a control bulb 41' located in the fresh air duct 4. This'control bulb may likewise be provided with 35 a wick 48 for causing it to respond to the wet bulb temperature of the fresh air. The bellows, tubes and bulbs are charged with a suitable volatile fill and are arranged so as to act in opposition upon a lever 49 which is pivoted at 50 and posi tion this lever in accordance with the difference between outside and return air temperature. This lever 49 actuates a mercury switch carrier 5| which carries a mercury switch 52 having right-hand electrodes and left-hand electrodes. When the outside wet bulb'temperature is lower than the inside wet bulb temperature, the bellows 45 produces a greater forcethan the bellows 45 which rotates the upper end of thelever 49 counter-clockwise which tilts the mercury switch 52 for bridging its right-hand electrodes. When outside wet bulb temperature is higher than inside wet bulb temperature, the opposite action occurs for tilting the mercury switch in a manner to bridge its left-hand electrodes.

The relay 38 may be of any desired construction and is shown diagrammatically as including a pull-in coil 55 which operates through an armature 55, a'pair of switch arms 51 and 58, these arms cooperating with out contacts 59 and 50,

respectively. When coil 55 is energized, the switch arms 51 and 58 are caused to engage their in contacts GI and 52'. However, when the coil 55 is deenergized, the switch arms are moved under the action of gravity or springs, not shown, so as to engage their out" contacts 59 and 59. This relay 38 is controlled by means of a switch 54 which is preferably actuated by the return air thermostat |8. This switch is arranged so as. to close whenever the return air temperature falls below 12 F. while remaining open-as long as the return air temperature is above such value. One

end. of the coil 55 is connected by wire 55 to one terminal of the switch and the other ter- 7 94"jand llll.

minal of this switch is connected to a supply wire 55. Another supply wire 58 is connected to the other end of coil 55. By this arrangement, it will be obvious that when the return air temperature falls below 72 F. the relay 38 will be energized while when the return air temperature is above 72 F. the relay will be deenergized as shown.

The lighting load responsive device 31 includes a watt meter'lfl which is connected in the line wires 1| leading to the lights in the conditioned space. This watt meter is arranged in any suitable manner so as to actuate the sliders 51 and 12 which contact resistances 39 and 13 for forming a pair of potentiometers. Upon increase in lighting load, the sliders 61 and 12 are moved to the right across resistances 39 and 13, and upon decrease in lighting load they are moved in the opposite direction.

The airflow compensating device 35 includes a bellows 15 which is connected by a tube 15 to the connected'by a tube 18 to the conditioning chamber downstream of the coils I and I3. The bellows 15 and 11 act in opposition upon a lever I9 which acts as a'slider in cooperating with resistance 89 for forming a potentiometer. This slider is biased to the right by means of a biasing spring 8|. Slider'19 also positions a slider 82 which cooperates with a resistance 34 for form- I3 will increase, which causes the pressure in bellows TI to fall in relation to the pressure in bellows 15, this causing movement of the sliders I9 and 82 to the left across resistances 85 and 34. Upon a reduction in air flow through'the conditioner, the sliders 19 and 82 will be shifted to the operating with a resistance 92 and in turn op'er-' ates a slider 93 cooperating with a resistance 94. The lower end of the lever 9| is connected to a spring 95 provided with an adjusting screw 91. This spring 95 biases the lever 9| in the vertical position shown and resists movement'of this lever 0 ,in either direction. from thisintermediate or vertical-position. The slider 9| also contacts a center tapped corrector resistance 99. Similarly, the slider 93 also contacts acenter tapped corrector resistance l9l. When the return air temperature is equal to the discharge temperature, the pressures in bellows 85 and 88 will be equal. This causes the slider 9| to engage the left-hand ends ofresistances 92 and 99 and causes the slider 93 to engage the right-hand ends of resistances When the discharge temperature falls below the return air temperature, the pres sure in bellows 88 will lower as compared to the pressure in bellows 85. which causw co terclockwise rotation of sliders 9| and 93 ainst This device also includes a bellows'88 tion of spring 98 for causing, slider 9| to move to'the right across resistances 92 and 99. At this time, the slider 93 disengages resistances 94 and The outside thermostat 3| includes a bellows I95 which operates a slider I91 which engages a resistance I98 to form a potentiometer. The slider I91 is biased against bellows I95 by a spring I99. The bellows I95 is connected by a capillary tube II9 to a control bulb III located in the fresh air duct 4. The thermostat 3| therefore responds to outside temperature. Upon a decrease in outside temperature. .the bellows I95 will contract due to the action of spring I99 which causes slider I91 to travel to the leftacross resistance I98. This instrument may lie-designed and adjusted so that the slider I91 engage the right-end end of resistance I98 when outside temperature is at 70 F. while engagin the left-hand end of said resistance when outside temperature fans to o" F.

The thermostat 32 may be similar .to thermostat 3| and includes a slider I I2 cooperating with a resistance I|5, this slider being actuated by a bellow II5 connected to a control bulb I I1 by a capillary tube I I8. This instrument, may be designed and adjusted so that slider |I2 engages the right-hand end ofresistance II5 when outside temperature is at 100 F. and engages the left-hand end of the resistance when outside temperature is at 60 F.

The wiring between the various controls described above will be described in the following statement of operation.

Operation With the parts in the position shown, the

space temperature is about; 75 F. and the relay 38 is deenergized. Also at this time the wet bulb temperature or total heat of the outside air is less than the wet bulb temperature or total heat of the return air as indicated by the righthand electrodes of mercury switch 52 being bridged. Also at this time the return air tem-.

perature and discharge temperature are equal as indicated by the lever arm 9| of the differential controller 39 assuming its vertical position. The outside temperature is approximately 75 F. as

- indicated by the pos tion of the slider I I2 of thermostat 32. This position of the controls will only occur during 'the intermediate season when inside temperature practically the same as outside temperature and when there is no occupancy load. Inasmuch as the total heat of the outside air is less than that of the inside air, it is desirable to provide a maximum amount of fresh air to the space. At this time, terminal R of the proportioning motor 24 is connected by wire I29, right-hand electrodes of mercury switch 52, wire I2I, switch'arm 58, contact 59 and wires I22 and I23, with terminal W of motor 24. This short circuiting of. terminals R and W of motor 24 will cause it to assume an extreme position wherein the fresh air damper is wide open and the return air damper is closed to a minimum.

If the total heat of the outside air increases so that it becomes greater than the total heat of the return air, the mercury switch 52 of thermo-' stat 35 will tilt, so as to bridge its left-hand electact 59 to wire I25. The wire I25 is connected.

by wires I28 and- I21 to the center tap of the corrector resistance I9I of the differential controller 39. This wire I25 is also connected by wire I25, rheostat I28 and wire I29 to the slider I I2 of thermostat 32. Wire I25 is also connected to slider 19 of flow controller 38 by way of rheostat I39 and wire I3I'. Further, wire I25 is connected to slider 81 of the light load responsive device 31 by way of rheostat I32 and wire I33. It will be noted that terminal W of motor 24 is connectedby wire I23 to a wire I34 which is connected to the left-hand ends of resistances 94 and 92 of difierential thermostat 39, to the lefthandends of resistances I98 and H5 of outdoor thermostats 3| and 32, to the right-hand end of resistance 34 and the left-hand end of resistance 89 of the flow controller 35 and to the left-hand endsof resistances 13 and 89 of the controller 31 through similar and equal resistances I34 and I35. The terminal B of the proportioning motor 24 is connected by a wire I33 to the righthand ends of resistances 94 and 92 of d-ifierential thermostat 39, to the right-hand ends, of resistances I98 and H5 of outdoor thermostats 3| and 32, to the left-hand end of resistance 34 and the right-hand end of resistance 89 of the flow controller 36 and to the right-hand ends of resistances "I3 and 39 of the controller 31.

Assuming first that there is no weather load, that is, assuming that outside and inside temperatures are substantially equal' at about'75 F., but with the outside total heat greater than the inside total heat, and assuming also that no people are occupying the conditioned space, no substantial amount of cooling will be necessary and consequently the return air temperature will be substantially the same as the discharge temperature. Under these conditions, mercury switch 52 will be in a position opposite to that shown and sliders 9|, I91, 82 and 12 will be disconnected, the circuits thereto being broken at contact 82 of relay 38.

Starting now with the R. terminal of motor 24, the circuit goes by way of wire I29, left- I hand electrodes of mercury switch 52, wire I24,

switch arm 51 and contact 59 of relay 38 to wire I25. .-At this point the circuit branches to a number of points. The lower branch goes through manual rheostat I32 and wire I33 to slider 61 which is between the equal resistances 39 and I35. Another branch goes through rheostat I39 and wire-I3I to slider 19 which is in the center of resistance 89. Another branch goes through rheostat I28 and wire I29 to slider II2 which is between the left-hand end and the center of resistance H5. The last'branch goes through corrector resistance I9I to slider 93 which is at the right-hand end of resistance 94.

The effective resistance or corrector resistance vI9I under the conditions shown is about equal to the effective resistance of rheostat I28. Therefore, there is less resistance between terminals R and B than there is betweenterminals R. and -W by the amount of resistance 94. As a result,

the fresh air damper will be completely closed.

From the description thus far it will be apparent that when there is no weather load on the building and also when there is no occupancy load, the return and discharge air temperature will be substantially the same due to there being no cooling load or heating load to carry. At

space.

such time if the controller 35 indicates it more advantageous to recirculate return air the damper motor is placed under the control of the differential controller 39 and the outside thermostat 32, these controls being so adjusted that the fresh air damper is completely closed when slider 93 engages the right-hand end of resistance 94. Now if the weather load on the building remains at zero but the space becomes occupied, cooling of the space will be necessary in order to remove the heat givenoff by the occupants. This heat will cause the return air temperature to rise and when it rises above '75" F., the thermostat II will begin opening the cooling valve 9. The cooling effect of the coil I willnowcause the discharge temperature to become lower than the return air temperature, this causing slider 93 to move to the left' across resistance 94. This will insert a portion of resistance 94 into circuit between terminals R and B and decrease the portion of resistance 94 which is connected between terminals R and W. This will'cause the fresh air damper to be opened an amount proportionate to the differential in tem-.

perature between the return air and-the discharge air. It will be apparent that in the absence ofweather load for the conditioner to tween return air and discharge 'air increases.

Stating the operation in another way, th differential thermostat responds to the combinedoccupancy and weather load while the thermostat 32 responds only to the weather load and subtracts the effect of the weather load on the action of the differential thermostat 30 for thereby causcarry, the temperature differential between the discharge air and return air will vary. in direct proportion to the number of occupants in the Thus if the number of occupants increases", more cooling will be necessary to maintain the space temperature at the desired value and the thermostat II will automatically open the coil valve 9 further for this purpose. This will in turn cause the differential between dis-' charge and return air to increase a corresponding amount which causes the slider 93 to travel to the left across resistance 94 proportionately to the increase in occupancy. Thus as the occupancy in the space increases the fresh air damper is opened proportionately for thereby supplying fresh air to the space in accordance with the number of occupants in the space.

If the outside temperature rises, the cooling load on the space will then be a combination of the occupancy load and the weather'load. In other words, as the outside temperature rises above the temperature maintained in. the enclosure, heat will enter the enclosure by conduction and infiltration and the cooling coil in order to maintain a constantspace temperature must remove both the heat given oil by the occupantsand th heat which leaks into the space from outside. Thus under such conditions, the differential in temperature between the discharge air and the return air is no longer a measure of the number of occupants in the space. Thus as the outside temperature increases, th differential between discharge and return air temperature will increase even though the occupancy remains constant. The outside thermostat 32 is provided for the purpose of compensating the system for these changes in outside temperature; It will be noted that as the outside temperature increases, the slider H2 of thermostat 32 will shift to the right across resistance H5 which decreases the portion of this resistance which is connected between terminals R and B and increases the portion of the resistance connected between terminals R and W. Thus-the tendency of thermostat 32 upon rise in outside temperature is to close the fresh air damper. This tendency of thermostat 32 to close the damper upon rise in outside temperature counterbalances the tendency of the difierential ing the differential thermostat 39 to control only in accordance with the actual occupancy load in the space.

For installations in which there is a material internal heat gain within the space due to lights or machinery, it is necessary to compensate the system for such internal heat gain. Thus if lights are placed into operation, the heat given oil? by such lights must be removed along with the occupancy heat and weather heat. Thus the heat given off by lights or similar equipment will cause the dif ferential in temperature between the return and discharge air to increasegwhich would normally cause the fresh air damper to be opened wider.

In order to compensate for this type of load, the electric power supply compensator 31 is provided. Upon an increase in lighting load in the space, the thermostat I I will cause increase in operation of cooling coil 1 which will increase the differential between the discharge and return air, thus causing slider 93 to move further to the left across resistances 94 and NH. As previously described, this wouldoperate to open wider the fresh air damper. However, at the same time the slider 91 is shifted to the right on resistance'39 by the power responsive device III which decreases the portion of resistance 13 connected between terminals R and B and increases the portion of this resistance connected between terminals R and W, which action tends to close the damper. By properly adjusting the rheostat I32, the controller 31 may be made to just exactly compensate for V the effect of increased lighting load on the control system and thus cause the fresh air damper to remain stationar when the occupancy of the space remains changes.

constant but the lighting load In certain types of air conditioning systems, the volume of air delivered to the space may vary. This could result from dirty filters or the system might boot the type in which the volume of air delivered to the space is varied. Under such conditions, it is desirable to compensate the system for changes in such air flow. Thus'if the volume of air discharged from the conditioner is lowered, the differential in temperature between the discharge andreturn air will increase even though the total load on the system remains exactly the same. This would cause the differential controller 39 to open the fresh air damper widely even though there is no change in occupancy. To avoid'this result, the differential controller 36 is provided. When the flow of' air through the conditioner decreases for any reason, the discharge temperature is reduced which causes slider 93 to move to the left on resistance 94 which would tend to open the fresh air damper 20. At the same time, this decrease in flow of air through the conditioner will cause the slider 19 of controller 38 to move to the right across resistance 80 which decreases the portion of this resistance between termin'als R and B and increases the portion of this resistance between terminals R and W. By properly adjusting the rheostat I30 the action of controller 38 will just compensate for the efiect of a decrease in air flow upon th control system and thus the fresh air damper will remain stationary even though the differential in temperature between the discharge and return air changes due to a variation in air flow, Since the flow is proportionalto the square root of the pressure drop, the resistances 34- and 88 should be wound to give this result, or this can tact 62 of relay 38 by-a circuit which goes from terminal R throughwire I20, right-hand electrodes of mercury switch 52, wire I2I, switch arm 58 and contact 82 of the relay 38. With the relay 38 energized, the connection between switch arm 51 and contact 59 which connected the R teigminal-of motor 24 to the various sliders mentioned hereinabcve during the summer operation of the system is broken so that these sliders have be accomplished in any of the other now well known manners.

Upon decrease in outside temperature, the weather load upon the conditioner will decrease which causes the thermostat I I to decrease the action of cooling coil 1, which in turn causes the differential between discharge and return air to decrease which causes the controller to tend to close the fresh air damper. This action however is opposed by the thermostat 32 which compensates the system for changes in outside temperature. Thus irrespective of whether outside temperature rises or lowers the fresh air damper is controlled in accordance with the occupancy load. Whenever, the total heat of the outside air becomes less than that of the return air, as determined by the controller 35, the mercury switch 52 of this controller will be tilted for bridging its right-hand electrodes as shown. As previously described, this will cause the motor 24 to completely open the fresh air damper. Thus when cooling in the space is'necessary and the outside airis cooler than the return air the control system of this invention takes control 'of the fresh air damper from the occupancy responsive control system and opens the'fresh air damper wide. Upon continued fall in outside temperature, the inside temperature will eventually fall to a point at which the thermostat I8 begins to open the heating valve I5 for heating the air supplied to the enclosure. At this time, the switch 84 of this thermostat closes and energizes the relay 38, which causes the switch arm 58 to engage contact 82. p

With the system thus operating on the heating cycle there are certain conditions under which the total heat out of the outdoor air might be greater than the total heat of the air in the room. This might occur for example upon a rapid rise in outdoor temperature from a value less than 72 .to a value greater than .7 2. In the event that the total heat of the outdoor air is greater than the total heat of the inside air, the mercury switch 52 will be in the opposite position to that shown in the drawing so that the left-hand elec trodes are bridged. Keeping in mind that the system is operating on the heating cycle so that relay 55 is energized, then under such conditions there is a circuit from terminal R of the motor 24 by way of wire I20, the left-hand electrodes of mercury switch 52, wire I24, switch arm 51 and contact 6| of the relay 38, wire I22 and wire I23 to the terminal W on the motor 24. In view of this short circuit between terminals R and W the fresh air damper will be wide open under this condition of winter operation with the total heat outside greater than the total heat inside. In this manner, outdoor air is used whenever posthe circuit.

no effect on the operation of the system during the winter. The contact 82 which is connected to the terminal R of the motor 24 is connected to the remaining sliders of the various controllers. Contact 82 is connected to the slider 12 of the controller 31 through a manual. rheostat I40 by means of wires I4I, I42, I43 and I44. It is likewise connected to the slider 82 of. the air flow controller 38 through the manual rheostat I45 by means of wires I M, I42, the rheostat I45 and a wire I48. It is further connected to'the slider I01 of the thermostat 3| by wire' I, wire I41, manual rheostat I48 and wire I49. In addition, there is a circuit from contact 62 by way of wire I4I, wire I41 and wire I to the corrector resistance 99 which in turn is contacted by the slider 9 I of the controller 30.

slider 82 of the fiow controller'wlll be int ermediate resistance 34 and it will have no control on The slider 9| will be at the left-hand end of resistance92as well as at the left-hand end of corrector. resistance 99. Therefore, be-

tween terminals R and W there will be the smallv amount of resistance represented by the corrector resistance 99. The slider I01 on the other hand will be at or beyond the right-hand end of resistance I08 so that the only resistance between terminals R and B.w ill be that of the adjustable rheostat I48. By properly adjusting this rheostat resistance so that it is less than the full lefthand side of corrector resistance 99, there-will be less resistance between terminals R and B than ther is between terminals R and W so that the fresh air damper will be closed.

Now assume. that the outdoor temperature begins to fall. This will cause slider I01 ,to move towards the left along resistance I08 and insert more resistance between terminals R and B with the result that the fresh air damper will tend to open. However, this decrease in outdoor temperature throws a load on the system causing a reduction in room temperature so that thermostat I8 partly opens heating valve I5. The action of heating coil- I3 therefore raises thedischarge temperature above that of the return'temper'ature. This increase in difierential causes the slider 9I to move along the resistance 92 towards the right thereby inserting more resistance between the terminals R and W. This increase in resistance between the terminals R and W compensates for the increase in resistance inserted between terminals R and B so that the fresh air damper remains closed. As the outdoor temperature continues to fall, the thermostat 3| will continue to tend to, open up the fresh air damper but the increased loadon the system will cause the thermostat It to increase the supply of heat to heatingcoil l3 and this in turn increases the differential between the discharge and return air temperature so that differential controller 30 in turn tends to. close the fresh air dampers whereupon they will remain in their closed position.

Now if some people should come into the space under control, they will give off heat which reduces the heating load on the system. During the summer, people coming into the room increase the cooling load but in the winter the opposite is true and the heating load is decreased. As a result, the thermostat l8 will cut down somewhat upon the supply of heat to the heating coil l3 and the differential between the discharge and return air temperatures will be reduced. Slider 9| will therefore start moving back towards the left so as to decrease the amount of resistance between the terminals R and W. Since there has been no corresponding change in outdoor temperature, the result will be to open the fresh air damper somewhat. In this manner, during the winter cycle whenever the occupancy within the space is increased, the freshair damper will be opened in proportion thereto.

Now, if a light load should be placed on the system, this will add more heat to the space so that the thermostat I8 will cut down on the amount of heat being supplied to heater l3. As a result, the differential between the discharge and return air will be further reduced. The slider II will thereupon move towards the left along resistance 92 in an attempt to open the fresh air damper wider. At the same time however the slider 12 of controller 31 will move towards the right along resistance 13 and this: will compensate for the reduction in differential between the discharge and return air temperatures so that the fresh air damper will remain in the position they were in.

If for any reason the flow of air through the system should be decreased, then it will become necessary to heat the air being discharged into the space to a higher temperature in order to maintain the desired temperature value in thespace. This will increase the temperature differential and as a result controller 30 will tend to reduce the supply of fresh air. However, upon reduction in the flow of air, slider 82 will move from its center position to the right along resistance :4. It will be noted that the righthand end of resistance 34 is connected to the terminal W of the motor 24 so that suchaction by the slider 82 will tend to open the fresh air damperand thus compensate for the increase in temperature differential between the discharge and return air.-

Summing up then, it will be seen that I have provided a combined summer and winter cooling and heating system fully automatic in operation wherein, through the means of a temperature differential controller responsive to the differential between the supply and return air, I position the fresh air dampers so as to take into the system varying amounts of fresh air in proportion to the occupancy load. This is accomplished by compensating the actionof the differential temperature controller according to the load on the system by reason of the outdoor temperature conditions. In addition, I have provided means whereby the system is also compensated for such things as lighting load both in the summer and in the winter and is further compensated for changes in air flow through the air conditioning chamber. By this arrangement I am able to control the flow of fresh air in accordance with the occupancy load by the simple provision of thermostatic controllers and the like which respond to the various temperature conditions and temperature differentials within the system.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many minor variations may be made without departing fromthe spirit of the present invention and I therefore intend to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

I claim as my invention:

1. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, a conditioner, means for withdrawing air from the space passing it through the conditioner and discharging it to said space, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow control means for controlling the flow of fresh air, means for controlling the conditioner for maintaining a condition of the air in said space at a desired value, said condition being affected by the human occupancy of said space whereby the difference in values between said condition of the air withdrawn from said space and supplied to said space is a measure of the occupancy of the space, and means responsive to said difference in values of said condition for controlling said flow control means.

2. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, a conditioner for varying a condition of the air which affects its heat content, means for withdrawing air from the space passing it through the conditioner and discharging it to said space, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow control means for controlling the flow of fresh air, means for controlling the conditioner for maintaining said condition of the air in said space at a desired value, said condition being affected by the human occupancy of said space and also by at least one other variable factor whereby the difference between the values of said condition of the air withdrawn from the space and supplied to said space varies with the occupancy ofthe space and said other factor, means including a devicer esponsive to said difference in values of said condition for controlling said flow control means, and means responsive to said one other factorfor compensating said device for variations in said other factor to thereby cause the flow control means to be controlled independently of variations in said other factor.

3. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, cooling means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through said cooling means and into said space, means for controlling said cooling means in a manner to'maintain th space temperature substantially constant whereby the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to the space varies with the occupancy of the space, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow control means for controlling the supply of fresh air, and means responsive to the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space for controlling said flow control means.

4. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, cooling means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through said cooling means and supplying it to said space, means for returning fluid fromsaid space to said cooling means, means for controlling said cooling means in a manner to maintain the space temperature substantially. constantwhereby the difference in temperature between the supplied and returning heat exchainge fluid varies with the occupancy of said space, means for supplying fresh air to said space, flow'control means for controlling the supply-of fresh air, and means responsive to the difierence in temperature between the supplied and returning heat exchange fluid for controlling said flow control means.

5. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, cooling means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through said cooling meansand into said space, means for controlling said cooling means in a manner to maintain the space temperature substantially constant whereby the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to the space varies with the occupancy of the space and also with at least one other variable factor, means for supplying fresh air to the ,space, flow control means for controlling the supply of fresh air, means including a device responsive to the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to the space for controlling said flow control means, and means responsive to said other factor for compensating for said other factor for thereby causing the flow control means to be controlled independently of variations in said other factor.

6. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, cooling means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through said cooling means and into said space, means for controlling said cooling means in a manner to maintain the space temperature substantially constant whereheat exchange fluid varies with the occupancy of said space and alsowith outside temperature, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow control means for controlling the flow of fresh air, temperature responsive means responsive to the difference in temperature between the supplied and returning heat exchange fluid for controlling said flow control means, and outside temperature responsive means for compensating said temperature responsive means for variations in outsidetemperature.

9. In an .air conditioning system for a space, in combination, heating-means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through said heating means and supplying it to said space, means for controlling the heating means in a manner to maintain the space temperature substantially constant whereby the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space varies with the" occupancy of said space and outside tern-1 perature, means for supplying fresh air to the space, a flow controller for controlling the supply of fresh air, means including a thermostat responsive to the temperature of heat exchange fluid supplied to said space for controlling said flow-control means to increase the supply of fresh air upon a decrease'in the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space,

1 and means responsive to outside temperature to by the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to the space varies with the occupancy of the space and also withoutside temperature, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow control means for controlling the supply of fresh air,- means including a device responsive to the- I temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space for controlling said flow control means, and means responsive to outside temperature for compensating said device to thereby cause said flow controller to be controlled in accordance with the occupancy of said space.

7. In an air conditioning system for-a space, in combination, cooling means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through saidcooling means and into said space, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow control means for controlling the flow of fresh air, means including a'devic responsive to the temperature of the heat exchange medium flowing to the space for controlling said flow control means in a manner to increase the flow of fresh air upon fall in said temperature, and means responsive to outside temperature for also controlling said flow control means in a manner to increase the flow of fresh air'upon decrease in outside temperature while the outsid temperature is such as to indicate a cooling load on the system.

8. In an air. conditioning system for a space, in combination, cooling means, means for passing a heat exchange fluid through said cooling means and supplying it to said space, means for returning fluid from said space to said cooling means, means for controlling said cooling means in a manner to maintain the space temperature substantially constant whereby the difference in temperature between the supplied and returning compensate said thermostat for causing it to control the flow of fresh air inaccordance with the occupancy of said space. I

10. In an air conditioning system fora space, in combination, heating means, means for passing heat exchange fluid through said heating means and s'upplying it to said space, means for controlling the heating means in a manner to maintain the. space temperature substantially constant,-means for supplying fresh air to said space, a flow controller forcontrolling the supply of fresh air, and means including a thermostat responsive to the temperature of the heat exchange fluid'passing to the space in a manner to increase the flow of fresh air upon fall -in said Y temperature.

11. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, heating and cooling means, means for passing heat exchange fluid through said heating and cooling means and supplying it to said space, means for graduatingly controlling the heating and cooling means in a manner to maintain the temperature in the space between values suitable for human occupancy whereby the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space varies with the occupancy of said space and also with outside temperature, means for supplying fresh air to said space, flow control means for controlling the flow of fresh air, thermostatic means responsive to the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied tosaid space for controlling said flow control means, means operated by said thermostatic means to increase the supply of fresh air upon a decrease in the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space when said heat exchange fluid is being either heated or cooled, and means responsive to outside temperature for compensating said themostatic means in a manner to cause it to tend to decrease the supply of fresh air upon an'increase in outdoor controlled independently of outside temperature. 12. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, heating and cooling means,

means for withdrawing air from said spacay passing it through said heating and cooling means and supplying it to said space, means for graduatingly controlling the heating and cooling means in a manner to maintain the temperature in said space between values suitable for human occupancy whereby the diiIerence in temperature between the air withdrawn and supplied to said, space varies with the. occupancy of said space and also with outside temperature, means for supplying fresh air to the space,,fiow controlmeans for.controlling the flow of fresh air, thermostatic means responsive to the difference in temperature between the air supplied to and withdrawn from said space for controlling said flow control means, and meansresponsive to out-- side temperature for compensating said thermostatic means for causing the'iiow of fresh air to be varied with the occupancy of said space.

13. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, heating and cooling means, means for passing heat exchange fluid through said heating and cooling means and supplying it to said space, means for' graduatingly controlling the heating and cooling means in a manner to maintain the temperature in the space between values suitable for human occupancy whereby the temperature of the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space varies with the occupancy of said space and also with outside temperature, means for supplying fresh air to said space,'flow control means for controlling the flow 'of fresh air, thermostatic means responsive to the temperature of,the heat exchange fluid supplied to said space for controlling said flow controlling means, means responsive to outside temperature for ompensating said thermostatic means for causing the flow of fresh air to be varied with the occupancy of said space, differential means responsive to the difference in heat content between the air outside and in the space, and means controlled by said differential means for ence between inside and outside temperatures for increasing the flow of fresh air to a maximum when outside'temperature is lower than inside temperature when cooling is required and when outside temperature is higher than inside temperature when heating is required.

15. In an air conditioning system foncooling a space, in combination, meansfor supplying fresh air to said space, new control means for controlling the supply of fresh air to said space, means responsive to the occupancy of said space for controlling said flow control means in a manner to increase its flow of fresh air upon increase in occupancy of the space, and means contr ling said flow control means conjointly with sai occupancy responsive means in a manner tol increase the flow of fresh air to a maximum irrespective of the occupancy when outside air is cooler than the air in said space.

16. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, a conditioning, chamber, means for circulating air through said chamber and space successively and recirculating it to said chamber, conditioning means in said chamber for varying a condition of the air which is affected by the human occupancy of said space,

- means responsive to said condition of the air in increasing the flow of fresh air to a maximum cooling a space, thermostatic means for controlling said heating and cooling means to maintain the temperature in said space between predetermined values, means for supplying fresh air to the space, flow controlmeans for controlling the supply of fresh air, means responsive to the occupancy in said space for normally controlling said flow control means in a manner to increase the flow of fresh air upon increase in occupancy, and thermostatic'means responsive to the differsaid space for controlling said conditioning means to maintain said condition of the air in said space at desired values, means supplying said condition of the air delivered to said space decreases.

17. In an air conditioning system for a space, in combination, a conditioning chamber, means for circulating air through said chamber and space successively and recirculating it to said chamber, conditioning means in said chamber for varying a condition of the air which is affected .by the human occupancy of said space, means responsive to said condition of the air in said space for controlling said conditioning means to maintain said condition of the air in said space at desired values, means supplying fresh air to said space, means responsive to said condition of the air delivered to said space for controlling the fresh air supplying means in a manner to increas the supply of fresh air when said condition of the air delivered to said space decreases, the condition of the air delivered to said space being affected by another factor, and means compensating said last named condition responsive means for said other factor.

ALWIN B. NEWTON. 

